mango production in ethiopia pdf

The study has indicated that direct actors along mango value chain may include input supplier, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, processors and consumers and also indirect actors such as extension service providers, credit and saving service providers, marketing and cooperative office, and non-governmental organizations. /P 605 0 R << 0000187494 00000 n /S /P /P 601 0 R >> >> 0000214474 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /K 21 /K 9 0000146870 00000 n 0000187116 00000 n >> endobj /Lang (EN-US) >> /S /P /K 18 /Pg 18 0 R 39 0 obj /S /P /S /P /S /P /TT5 339 0 R 0000008200 00000 n <> 94 0 obj endobj /Pg 14 0 R 13 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) 0000111701 00000 n 210 0 obj 6 [66 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) 216 0 obj 40 0 obj /K [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 0000086635 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) 0000228029 00000 n 0000197543 00000 n <> /Pg 14 0 R /P 439 0 R << >> 167 0 obj /S /P << /K 39 /Pg 16 0 R /S /Table endobj /P 8 0 R >> /Lang (EN-US) >> 0000192165 00000 n /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> 0000217726 00000 n 58 0 obj 305 0 obj /P 8 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R] The main objective of this review is to review mango production and marketing system with their respective constraints, to identify major actors along mango value chain and their respective . endobj /P 513 0 R 0000138604 00000 n endobj /Lang (EN-US) << /S /P /S /P 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /K 6 >> 0000220497 00000 n /Pg 16 0 R 0000221335 00000 n /K 13 /Length 810 /K 14 >> 267 0 obj >> /Pg 19 0 R 188 0 obj 4 [45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R << << /K 0 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R] 0000086480 00000 n 0000209782 00000 n endobj >> << /Lang (EN-US) >> /S /P 0000206222 00000 n There are however, several factors like pests, diseases and orchard management, Abstract /P 546 0 R /Pg 13 0 R Mango production covers 35% of the total acreage allotted for fruit production in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. 0000205261 00000 n /P 512 0 R /P 462 0 R << >> << /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 19 0 R >> /P 456 0 R /ColorSpace << 0000183678 00000 n /Pg 21 0 R >> 0000000016 00000 n /P 598 0 R <> /P 362 0 R /K 16 Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. /Lang (EN-US) /S /P 320 0 obj endobj /Lang (EN-US) 0000203467 00000 n \:BdlHxp?j4a/*R^_Hw)L;gMw2*ru1)S/;{Osx%SOYZGz,Cim*Z/#CG6U(zKIE51}hCKG3S{Mbd\xMg:xR)3HYaiPx /Pg 18 0 R endobj /S /P /Pg 11 0 R /S /P >> /Pg 17 0 R /Font << endobj /Parent 7 0 R /P 573 0 R >> << /Lang (EN-US) The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. >> 0000197985 00000 n /P 497 0 R /S /P <> << /K 5 13 [124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R] 0000134286 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) %%EOF /Parent 7 0 R 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 133 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R] /S /P 0000017469 00000 n /S /P :rd3yh gbz!$ DAD)KtRrBc%CN5es6c`4:7!CER~P=ow. /Lang (EN-US) << endobj endobj << << /K 32 /Pg 19 0 R endobj << Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. endobj /TT2 342 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 8 0 R endobj >> /P 539 0 R 0000201586 00000 n >> %%EOF 0000195400 00000 n <> 0000222312 00000 n 27 0 obj /S /Link /Lang (EN-US) /Contents 349 0 R /K 11 0000217801 00000 n 229 0 obj << 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 68 0 R /K [378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R 382 0 R 383 0 R] /Rotate 0 Abstract: Mango is one of the common fruit in most continents, particularly in Asia, Central and South America and Africa. /CS0 [/ICCBased 337 0 R] >> >> << /Lang (EN-US) >> /P 620 0 R endobj 221 0 obj /K 11 << 120 0 obj /P 8 0 R endobj endobj << >> 294 0 obj /K 40 /S /P endobj Published 31 January 2017. However, compared to the countries' potential, it is at the infant stage. /Lang (EN-US) Sampling Procedures and data collections A survey was conducted immediately after harvesting to asses mango fruits losses in Southwestern Ethiopia. /Lang (EN-US) 0000227503 00000 n << 0000196208 00000 n << /Lang (EN-US) 317 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R Margin analysis for value chain actors indicated that about 89.43% of gross marketing margin in mango value chain goes to mango traders and producers earn about 10.57% of gross marketing margin. /CS0 [/ICCBased 337 0 R] /Parent 7 0 R << 0000212174 00000 n 0000225245 00000 n The study was done at Department of Marketing Management, Aksum University between February 2018 and May 2018. /Pg 14 0 R Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the second among fruit crops in Ethiopia in its production coverage and economical importance. /Lang (EN-US) <> Production at 760,000 metric tons. Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word ",#(7),01444'9=82. /P 8 0 R 160 0 obj /S /Table endobj 0000221801 00000 n 0000192690 00000 n /Pg 19 0 R 102 0 obj /K 28 /Pg 17 0 R /K 13 /Pg 18 0 R 0000211170 00000 n /S /P /P 8 0 R /K 30 endobj 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R endobj /Pg 14 0 R 11 0 obj /P 559 0 R 0000197182 00000 n /S /P 28 0 obj >> 0000199839 00000 n endobj << /S /P << /Parent 6 0 R N')].uJr /P 565 0 R {p43jY At`yI&0AOtt4RfS*F+F@mYXpH +f#lto,7hLqjiW j%(^a&Z4FH}b"du+@Sd, >:5"{g3NPPEKX>Ihe 0@l(({9+v+Ydus P-KeIjZ/zW,!J,Vmj_^[&'mn3Z+i/zU6uiRuiIFJz^K{w,XaO . /S /P /K 2 /Pg 14 0 R 85 0 obj /S /P << endobj /P 623 0 R /S /P /S /P %PDF-1.7 % << /K [394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R] /Lang (EN-US) endobj 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R /Pg 13 0 R 0000005107 00000 n endobj 16 0 obj endobj 3 0 obj /S /P /Lang (EN-US) 0000186124 00000 n 38 33 endobj 262 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) >> 103 0 obj /TT4 339 0 R /P 8 0 R /K 75 /CS0 [/ICCBased 337 0 R] /K 30 0000223833 00000 n 0000019272 00000 n 0000202085 00000 n >> /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /S /P /Pg 19 0 R /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word) 32 0 obj 47 0 obj endobj /BS << 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R /ColorSpace << /Lang (EN-US) endobj ] >> /Pg 12 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /Pg 14 0 R 162 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 19 0 R 1 132 0 R 2 133 0 R 3 [39 0 R null null 134 0 R null null 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R /S /P /S /P /S /P endobj /P 552 0 R 0 0000231714 00000 n >> /Lang (EN-US) 227 0 obj application/pdf /K 20 /S /P Diversification into fruit. 0000185127 00000 n /P 504 0 R 0000011036 00000 n /Tabs /S /S /P /S /P 67 0 obj The area coverage under mango in eastern Ethiopia has reached /P 8 0 R /P 457 0 R endobj /Pg 21 0 R <> /Lang (EN-US) /Parent 3 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /TT3 339 0 R /TT1 350 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 0000191291 00000 n /P 8 0 R /H /I 291 0 obj /K 3 0000132174 00000 n /S /P endobj endobj 105 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R endobj This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. 4 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) {B1F@F5O/L]F$~-=v*N7cUL9SkJ;yC!.K*C7Gx(d. /Pg 18 0 R stream endobj 3 0 obj 0000211178 00000 n << /P 8 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /K 60 endobj Mango production in Ethiopia is fluctuated conditions, because of occurrence of diseases, lack of proper management and also weather conditions (CSA, 2009). /S /P endobj /S /P Production of mango cultivars grown in Ethiopia include Kent, Keitt, Tommy Atkins, and Apple mango. << /Lang (EN-US) >> >> endobj /K 14 endobj /Lang (EN-US) /K [9 133 0 R 11] 0000114476 00000 n /Pg 19 0 R Though the productivity /Lang (EN-US) /P 8 0 R 86 0 obj >> 0000012137 00000 n >> /P 545 0 R /ColorSpace << endobj /S /P /Lang (EN-US) TLDR. >> /S /P More fundamentally, the control of income and expenditure at household level may enable men and women to benefit from economic activities in which they dont directly participate. >> It was found that white mango scale is becoming the most important limiting factor for mango production in Western Ethiopia and the dispersal rate is alarming indicating that within a short period of time the pest can invade the whole of Western Ethiopia particularly Wollega zones. /Chart /Figure 6 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R 260 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R << 0000201212 00000 n >> endobj /Pg 13 0 R /K 27 /Resources << /Pg 22 0 R endobj 0000213572 00000 n /P 8 0 R 0000203073 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) 137 0 obj /K 0 268 0 obj /K 8 /Pg 13 0 R 236 0 obj Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a recent threat to mango production in Ethiopia which was introduced the first time in 2010 in western part of the country. >> /Pg 19 0 R endobj /P 8 0 R 0000200323 00000 n >> ?ebRV)2ij}>jK,%"P /P 8 0 R /Metadata 2 0 R /P 549 0 R 0000218616 00000 n /K 3 69 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R >> /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /F9 347 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 93 0 obj 0000219159 00000 n /Superscript /Span endobj /Pg 18 0 R 0000165420 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /S /P >> << /Lang (EN-US) 0000218245 00000 n /S /P /K 12 endobj >> endobj << endobj 232 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Grizli777 << /Pg 19 0 R endobj /Pg 15 0 R 119 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R However, there is a declining trend in yield and quality of fruits from the trees. /Lang (EN-US) /K 9 endobj 0000216675 00000 n 78 0 obj 3. >> endobj /S /P /S /P << 0000220422 00000 n << /Pg 17 0 R >> >> /Tabs /S <<217E151CAEA5FE4B9CD0BEB5CCB943E3>]/Prev 786099>> /Lang (EN-US) << 258 0 obj /P 562 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 554 0 R /K 5 111 0 obj /TT2 342 0 R /K 8 endobj 0000208037 00000 n /P 8 0 R << endobj endobj 0000226079 00000 n 61 0 obj endobj endobj 0000132881 00000 n /P 8 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 489 0 R 0000114403 00000 n 0000192240 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /P 569 0 R endobj 199 0 obj 141 0 obj View via Publisher. endobj >> /Parent 7 0 R /K 3 /K 77 << 276 0 obj Women are mostly responsible for maintaining domestic aspects; taking care of children, food preparation for family, fetching water and sometimes involved in outside work. /P 8 0 R 34 0 obj /Pg 19 0 R << 0000086550 00000 n 311 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /P 488 0 R /P 510 0 R /BS << endobj /S /P /Pg 19 0 R /P 541 0 R /Pg 22 0 R 206 0 obj /S /P /Pg 19 0 R /S /P 0000021828 00000 n 0000001335 00000 n However, it is confronted with the major threat of fruit fly infestation which causes reduction of quality and quantity of marketable fruit resulting to considerable produce losses. 290 0 obj /Pg 12 0 R /P 476 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R] >> /Pg 11 0 R 0000217203 00000 n 0 /Pg 11 0 R /S /P /Pg 15 0 R /S /P 0000242436 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /P 8 0 R /K 23 /S /P /P 506 0 R endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 337 0 R] << /TT3 342 0 R endobj /Parent 6 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 18 0 R >> /Pg 19 0 R % 0000020581 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) >> 0000227085 00000 n 0000043660 00000 n << << /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R 88 0 obj << /K 13 /P 8 0 R /P 490 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 0000188399 00000 n /S /P endobj endobj /P 509 0 R /S /Table >> 201 0 obj endobj << 30 0 obj 0000191216 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) 148 0 obj /StructParents 5 endobj endobj /Lang (EN-US) >> << /Pg 19 0 R << endobj /Lang (EN-US) /P 591 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 19 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 0000189439 00000 n >> /Font << >> /S /P /Lang (EN-US) 253 0 obj /P 8 0 R 0000113544 00000 n /S /Link 0000203542 00000 n /TT3 343 0 R 8 0 obj /Pg 16 0 R /BS << 195 0 obj >> endobj endobj /P 529 0 R /S /P endobj /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-US) Production Data Summary View latest production volumes of Fresh Mango in Ethiopia by using the standard FAO codes from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. /S /P 0000202535 00000 n /K 1 /Count 5 However, compared to the countries' potential, it is at the infant stage. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Rotate 0 /Pg 14 0 R /K 7 /P 597 0 R 0000004492 00000 n 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 0000190285 00000 n endobj << 0000001591 00000 n 297 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R >> 0000003649 00000 n >> /S /P /Pg 17 0 R 0000010124 00000 n /Pg 15 0 R /P 491 0 R << << endobj /Lang (EN-US) << /Pg 11 0 R 251 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /TT1 350 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 0000168191 00000 n >> $.' << 51 0 obj 0000205701 00000 n /Pg 14 0 R 316 0 obj >> endobj mango production areas of the country, respectively and contributed only 3.8% and 3.9% of the total fruits and mango produced in the country, respectively. /S /P /K 2 /Lang (EN-US) 0000115426 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /P 8 0 R /P 617 0 R /S /P /K 17 /Length 3912 /Pg 18 0 R endobj /S /P endobj >> h TM*%45GI@!_ADd?GlNPT /Lang (EN-US) >> /K 0 Conversely, a silty-clay soil is prone to water retention in the event of heavy precipitation, which would damage the root system. endobj /K [6 132 0 R 8] 0000051684 00000 n 131 0 obj 0000207034 00000 n /P 437 0 R /K 37 << >> /Lang (EN-US) /K 12 /Lang (EN-US) >> endobj /Lang (EN-US) /K 64 <> /Pg 14 0 R /S /P 170 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R Currently, mango sub-sector is a good entry point for tackling poverty and that the market for mangoes in Ethiopia is significant and growing. /Lang (EN-US) >> /StructParents 7 /Pg 17 0 R endobj /S /P wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 endobj /Lang (EN-US) 2.2 Avocado Production in Ethiopia Despite relatively early establishment, the avocado industry in Ethiopia is in its infancy and has not yet utilized . /K 20 1569 0 obj <> endobj >> endobj 0000197618 00000 n Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. /Pg 22 0 R 0000013703 00000 n /S /P /P 581 0 R stream /StructParents 8 /Pg 14 0 R endobj >> /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) >> >> /S /P endobj << endobj >> /K 0 /S /P /K 7 Mango 19.00 17.16 62.95 99.11 Papaya 7.38 18.64 26.02 Total 391.32 163.50 1088.81 136.76 1780.39 * Figures in this table are number of trees divided by expected number of trees per . <> >> /Lang (EN-US) >> /Pg 19 0 R h1 04)F&`/MFWxC. /K 49 endobj << >> Start getting connected with them and find your next business partners. /S /P endobj /Pg 18 0 R Highly Influential. ), (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) which became recently a troublesome pest in all mango orchards in Egypt. 2 0 obj /S /P /Pg 13 0 R /K 69 /K 5 /Pg 14 0 R /S /P INTRODUCTION Tropical and subtropical fruit can make a significant direct contribution to the subsistence of small-scale farmers by providing locally generate nutritious food that is often available when other agricultural crops have not yet been harvested. White mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, is a serious pest on mango (Mangifera spp. << 324 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 14 0 R << -HXQMB1qMNnST7Zn-WA7O34N! X&`3v \J#\t92L L 9+6"N2G/(Vs/eJ9&.1%If y>R{Hbia3}K'>jK/[_9,jEh/q$9gO Ve#.`Dcqh_t\? endobj /K 45 endobj 0000006423 00000 n Understanding gender role is very important to improve agricultural value chain. /Lang (EN-US) >> /P 481 0 R /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 536 0 R /P 8 0 R << /Annotation /Span << /S /P /S /P 426 0 obj <>stream 231 0 obj >> A/ i(+8>]}1@x^4*^i/Ih6yW4J5VRIXxUb>G8E{Fix|/sLPG$x_;H06#$3`ujTPb|:f1p`"C}O=rxv5Few#x;Ks2D/ /P 8 0 R /P 29 0 R 255 0 obj The study included 120 farmers and 20 traders that involve in vegetable production and marketing activities. /S /P /Keywords () >> /P 478 0 R endobj /S /P /S /P 182 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R << 197 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R Key words: Gender, Roles, Value chain, Coffee. Source food and agricultural products efficiently from over 70 countries. >> << /Lang (EN-US) /K 8 endobj /P 8 0 R /Pg 20 0 R 0000086211 00000 n 0000015659 00000 n /P 8 0 R >> << 0000193600 00000 n << >> /P 455 0 R /Pg 19 0 R /S /P endobj 40 0 obj << endobj 20 0 obj 0000190765 00000 n << >> 164 0 obj /S /P 315 0 obj /K 362 0 R /Lang (EN-US) >> /S /P /K 5 /Lang (EN-US) >> 0000113140 00000 n /Marked true >> /P 459 0 R << /S /P 147 0 obj endobj /Pg 19 0 R /Lang (EN-US) 176 0 obj 278 0 obj 282 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R The study will help to provide relevant information for research plan and policy making in Shebedino Woreda. 1 0 obj << In Ethiopia mango is produced mainly in West and East of Oromia, SNNPR, Benishangul Gumuz and Amhara regions (Desta, 2005). /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) Margin analysis method was used to analyze distribution of benefits among the value chain actors. >> endobj However, fruit can develop lenticel discolouration (LD) after harvest, with. /Lang (EN-US) /K 3 /S /P /K 4 /K 2 /Parent 3 0 R << /Lang (EN-US) /K 15 /S /P /Pg 14 0 R 0000209403 00000 n 90 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-US) /S /P x{Irwwo^1#env+#B'#)x %!lp 6&($,#(o9xF~l;{7tc?~c;.C\{>ugolRYPY*`7wq7*NYLH_;X.=${rh}g!cOgw|xXR/Jfqv~lg^c(6@n^C$Zox&4oC?-w>amLE,d*g>r7 TC )6xpy#,(+M"6s[wT0&FPg5Sg9U$Tl&mu5JqWi=^oISN:x"Igz7&O_63Uggd:]C%fr-uMh9jX\:RrGj6~52y[*;}E^){MrBp:Th-&BtW5RZ[KKt Nky[Eu@co(.kW|B8bi,0qtlV}+zv1%}Q:Cq}u!VS /Lang (EN-US) 53 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers >> 0000201661 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /K 8 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Resources << endobj 150 0 obj /S /P /S /P 0000013730 00000 n 0000226627 00000 n /Lang (EN-US) /K 26 38 0 obj Producers, brokers, cooperatives, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers were found the main actors of the marketing channel in the study area. /Lang (EN-US) 0000018792 00000 n << << /K 56 mango, ( Mangifera indica ), member of the cashew family ( Anacardiaceae) and one of the most important and widely cultivated fruits of the tropical world. /TT2 342 0 R /P 540 0 R 0000005222 00000 n << /S /P endobj endobj /Pg 13 0 R endobj endobj To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. /TT2 341 0 R /Pg 19 0 R /S /P /P 8 0 R 0000184086 00000 n /Tabs /S /Font << /K 5 0000196283 00000 n endobj /Pg 13 0 R /Pg 18 0 R Production Volume and Price /S /Table >> /Lang (EN-US) << /Pg 18 0 R << >> Copyright 2023 Tridge. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 588 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-US) >> /Pg 18 0 R >> 235 0 obj endobj /K 26 /S /P 56 0 obj 0000222686 00000 n The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. 193 0 obj >> /S /P 33 0 obj /P 521 0 R << /K 41 /K 4 2015-03-07T23:28:45+02:00 /Count 7 /Lang (EN-US) << 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R /P 8 0 R /P 8 0 R << >> 308 0 obj /K 58 >> 0000220900 00000 n /S /P >> /Pg 14 0 R /Type /Page /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R] << Both qualitative and quantitative types of data were used. /P 526 0 R /Pg 11 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /P 542 0 R /S /P !6N~-@zC /Pg 11 0 R << /S /P /P 8 0 R /K 12 /P 531 0 R >> /Pg 13 0 R << 97 0 obj /StructParents 13 << /Lang (EN-US) /C2_0 353 0 R 0000012331 00000 n Develop lenticel discolouration ( LD ) after harvest, with R /P 0. 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