Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. Current below the surface. He served as party secretary of a production brigade in the county (197678). Hu advanced his political career largely through the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL). The scale of those celebrations has not been announced. subversive groups/activities. At the peak of the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) crisis, Wang was appointed mayor of Beijing (200407). That is the existential question that will be posed to Chinas National Peoples Congress in the coming days, as it considers indefinitely handing over the countrys political reins to President Xi Jinping. Subsequently, Xi served as deputy secretary and then secretary of Zhengding County, Hebei Province (198285), and thereafter in Fujian Province as executive vice-mayor of Xiamen City (198588), party secretary of Ningde County (198890), party secretary of Fuzhou City (199096), deputy party secretary of Fujian Province (199699), governor of Fujian Province (19992002). For more discussion about Hu Chunhuas patron-client ties with Hu Jintao, see Ren Huayi, The Sixth Generation: The CCPs Last Generation of Successors [] (New York: Mirror Books, 2010), and Ke Wei, The Rising Stars of the CCPs Sixth Generation [] (Hong Kong: New Culture Press, 2010). Xi Jinping is widely considered to be a protg of both former PRC president Jiang Zemin and former PRC vice-president Zeng Qinghong. After graduating from Peking University, Hu went to Tibet, where he worked as a clerk at the Organization Department in the CCP Committee of Tibet (198384), as an official at the newspaper Tibet Youth Daily (198485), and as an official at the Tibet Hotel (198587). Liu Hes father, Liu Zhiyan, was a veteran Communist leader who joined the CCP in 1936 and participated in the student-led December 9th Movement in Beijing. Likewise, scholars and lawyers who have campaigned for limiting party power under the rule of law have also invoked Mr. Xis promise to honor Chinas Constitution. Sooner or later, some political elites may stand up for their belief in the institutionalized norms of the Deng era. Having been nominated by Hu, Li was promoted to alternate member of the CCYL Secretariat three months later. He served as vice-minister and deputy party secretary of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (201318). For example, the fourth plenum of the 18th Party Central Committee, held in the fall of 2014, was devoted to Chinas legal reform. subversive definition: 1. trying to destroy or damage something, especially an established political system: 2. trying to. the author's subversive attitude . Wang is widely considered to be a protg of both Zhu Rongji and Jiang Zemin. Current therapies antibiotics that kill bacteria and steroids that tame infection-related inflammation can fail to ward off the worst consequences of the disease, particularly if therapy is initiated late due to delays in diagnosis. Some of this cognitive dissonance may be temporary compromises as Xi positions himself to gain broad support from various forces in the country. Then, an internal Party memo referred to as Document No. Condemnations of constitutional government have prompted dismayed opposition from liberal intellectuals and even some moderate-minded former officials. He was first elected to the Central Committee as a full member at the 18th Party Congress in 2012. The government blamed a subversive organization for the riots. Further, prior to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017, Xi visited Guangdong twice. Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2016), p. 324. Liu He is widely considered to be an adviser rather than a policymaker. Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursi. Psychodynamic Perspective. Li is widely considered to be a protg of Hu Jintao. Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao- like figure . For example, the objective of his economic policy, as articulated at the third plenum of the 18th Central Committee in 2013, has been to make the private sector the decisive driver of the Chinese economy. As an undergraduate majoring in law, Li studied under Professor Gong Xiangrui, a well-known, British-educated expert on Western political and administrative systems. The internal warnings to cadres show that Mr. Xis confident public face has been accompanied by fears that the party is vulnerable to an economic slowdown, public anger about corruption and challenges from liberals impatient for political change. The pressures that prompted the partys ideological counteroffensive spilled onto the streets of Guangzhou, a city in southern China, early this year. Not much information is available regarding Hu Chunhuas family. If the international community views China through an increasingly negative lens, and if criticism from Chinese liberal intellectuals, rival political elites, and the Chinese citizenry gains steam, the result may be a leadership split and political instability in China. HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. 1. 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping, Chinas new top leader. It is likely that their friendship developed through growing up together in the same neighborhood. Promoting civic participation. In his most recent State of the Union Address, President Donald Trump asserted that rivals like Chinachallenge our interests, our economy, and our values. Xis actions will only play into rising fears about China among Americans, who will further conflate Chinas leadership with that of other authoritarian regimes like Russia and Turkey. Liu began his career as a sent-down youth at an agricultural commune in Jilin Province (196970)2. Learn more. Not much information is available about Han Zhengs family. Get foreign policy updates from Brookings, Compiled by Cheng Li and the staff of the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings, a constitutional change abolishing term limits, the 19th Politburo and Politburo Standing Committee, https://publicintelligence.net/everybody-loves-chinese-vice-premier-wang-qishan/, https://boxun.com/news/gb/china/2018/02/201802251958.shtml, http://scmp.com/news/china/article/1087831/partys-number-two-woman-sun-chunlan-named-chief-tianjin, http://www.50forum.org.cn/home/article/jianjie.html, Africas global opportunity in rare earth elements, USMCA Forward 2023 Chapter 2: Imports from Asia, President of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) (2013present), General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (2012present), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (2012present), Member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) (2007present), Chairman of the National Security Committee (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs and National Security (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs (2012present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Network Security and Information Technology (2014present), Head of the CMC Central Leading Group for Deepening Reforms of National Defense and the Military (2014present), Commander in Chief of the Joint Operations Command Center of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) (2016present), Chairman of the Central Military and Civilian Integration Development Committee (2017present), Full member of the Central Committee of the CCP (2002present). In particular, Li has frequently called for mass entrepreneurship and innovation (, ). Sun Chunlan was born on May 24, 1950, in Raoyang County, Hebei Province. Disaster City Revisit ~ BBC Spots Training Hub; Sea Level Rise Explorer ~ Map of Coastal Risk Sun Chunlan comes from a humble background. Birdsourcing ~ Citizen Scientist Ornithology! An internal notice published in 2013 by the party's central committee- the famous "Document 9" included "the Western idea of journalism" among the "seven subversive currents" along with the promotion of constitutional democracy, the universal value of human rights, participation in social life, neo-liberalism, historical nihilism, and the . Which shows your current branch. View All. Xis first marriage produced no children. Rip currents often occur in deeper channels, between areas of breaking waves, and can flow at speeds up to 2 m/s. Nevertheless, in his first term as premier, Li promoted a number of policy priorities. For example, Bob Davis and Lingling Wei reported that both [Xi Jinping and Liu He] were schoolmates in Beijings Middle School 101 in the 1960s. Ibid. In 2009, he was transferred to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, where he served as party secretary (200912) and chairman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Peoples Congress (201012). Liu Zhiyans second marriage resulted in one son and one daughter. Wang Qishans toughness, popularity among the Chinese public, expertise in finance, and international reputation have made him indispensable to Xi. Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society." An internal Party memo, referred to as Document No. Hu volunteered to work in Tibet after graduation, where he established his patron-mentor relationship with Hu Jintao, who was then serving as party secretary (198892). For more information on Xis family background and his early life experiences, see Liang Jian , New Biography of Xi Jinping [] (New York: Mirror Books, 2012), and Wu Ming , Biography of Xi Jinping [] (Hong Kong: , 2008). A government memo from April identified seven "subversive currents" that are not to be spoken of, including "universal values" like human rights, press freedom, judicial independence, economic neoliberalism, and historic mistakes of the Communist Party. Current news at the front? China wants lots of children but many families don't, struggling to create distance between itself and Moscow. He joined the CCP in 1974. Yet, as the youngest vice premier of the State Council and a two-time Politburo member, Hu is still the highest-ranking leader of the sixth generation. He served as party secretary of Guangdong (201217). On the other, his politically conservative approach to governancein particular, his reliance on ideological oversight and media censorshiphas left him at loggerheads with many of the countrys intellectuals. But when the proposed constitutional changes are unsurprisingly approved by the National Party Congress next week, it will be left to Chinese society to determine whether to accept the risks of returning to winner-takes-all, strongman politics or instead continue down the path of Dengs reforms, with a government that incorporates Chinese-style checks and balances and honors the peaceful transition of power. Liu He has also been recognized for his humble demeanor. For more information about Li Keqiangs family background and his early experiences, see Hong Qing , He will be Chinas Top Manager: The Biography of Li Keqiang [] (New York: Mirror Books, 2010). Deep-ocean currents are initiated near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean, where cold, dense water sinks. The. The political establishment, while certainly composed of some yes-men willing to do the presidents bidding, is by no means monolithic. Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. Buckey says that it "bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping." This time the language and violence seem only frantic, not genuinely subversive or liberating. Mr. Xi has indicated that he wants a party meeting in the fall to endorse policies that would give market competition and private businesses a bigger role in the economy and Marxist stalwarts in the party are deeply wary of such proposals. His attitude toward public intellectuals has proven similarly ambivalent. The information you're looking for, is in the "To URL" section. Liberal intellectuals will be among the first to push back and shape the public discourse. Psychologists utilize a variety of perspectives when studying how people think, feel, and behave. To better deter Russian subversion, we suggest concentrating defensive efforts on the most vulnerable regions and institutions and ensuring During the visit, Zhu lauded Hans work. 9, issued in 2013 soon after Xi Jinping became party chief, warned that unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents such as support for Western . The two met in 1969 in Yanan, where both were sent-down youths. They have been disillusioned by Xis leadership since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of seven subversive currents, including universal values, constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. Human rights advocates, he continued, want ultimately to form a force for political confrontation.. Wang was a sent-down youth at an agricultural commune in Yanan County, Shaanxi (1969-1971)2. Mr. Xis cherry picking of approaches from each of the rival camps, analysts say, could end up miring his own agenda in intraparty squabbling. Mr. Xi will face another ideological test later in the year when the Communist Party celebrates the 120th anniversary of Maos birth. According to the current CCP regulations and norms, Han will most likely serve only a single term in the Politburo Standing Committee and then retire in 202223. Instead, Mr. Xi has signaled a shift to a more conservative, traditional leftist stance with his rectification campaign to ensure discipline and conspicuous attempts to defend the legacy of Mao Zedong. Some foreign and Chinese media outlets have reported that Xi Jinping and Liu He attended the same middle school4. In conjunction with his frequent meetings with foreign leaders in Guangdong, these trips abroad have helped to broaden Hus international experience. The New York Times . In a disappointing turn for those who have upheld more optimistic prognoses for Xiand for Chinahe opted to revert the country back to the era of strongman politics and the personality cult. Han joined the CCP in 1979. The daughter, Liu Hes half-sister, married Gong Zheng, the current governor of Shandong Province. Hu was first elected to the Central Committee as a full member at the 17th Party Congress in 2007. subversive organizations Plato wrote that the potentially subversive qualities of music were such that it would not be permitted in the perfect state. He later taught at Renmin University as an instructor (198687). A similar tension exists in Xis approach to legal reforms. After that, Hu served as governor and deputy party secretary of Hebei Province (200809). Share. Hu Chunhua was selected as a Politburo member in 2012 and is considered a front-runner of the so-called sixth generation leadership. Wang was a staff member at the Shaanxi Museum (197173 and 197379) before he joined the CCP in 1983. The campaign has resulted in the purges of not only retired heavyweight leaders such as former PSC member Zhou Yongkang, but also about 11 percent of the members of the 18th Central Committee, including Politburo member Sun Zhengcai. In other words, the party boss selects a team of rivals () in order to consolidate power.3. Their work contains content that has appeared in art . Xis current wife, Peng Liyuan, is from his second marriage. As the son-in-law of Yao Yilin, a former Politburo Standing Committee member and vice premier, Wang is considered a princeling. In neighboring former communist countries, Russia uses a wider range of military and economic tools. 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping, China's new top leader. These proposed constitutional revisions are the latestand most historically consequentialpower grab by the self-assured Chinese president. Seven months later, he was transferred to Beijing to serve as a Politburo Standing Committee member (2007present) and executive secretary of the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee (200712). Hu Deping, a reform-minded former government official who has met Mr. Xi, recently issued a public warning about the leftward drift. In October 2007, he was promoted to Politburo Standing Committee member (2007present) and, shortly thereafter, served as executive vice premier of the State Council (200813). Three years later, in 2000, he was appointed director of the State Council General Office of Economic Reform. A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. Another proposed change would enshrine Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the constitutions preamble, following Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory. He was Liu Zhiyans only child from his first marriage, which ended in divorce. Otherwise, based on his continued consolidation of power and ambitions for the countryand, indeed, himselfXis new era may resurrect an old problem. Li and his classmates translated important legal works from English into Chinese, including Lord Dennings The Due Process of Law and A History of the British Constitution2. Moreover, Sun Chunlan has some political leverage in promoting policy initiatives among her peers in the Politburo. She received a technical education from the Anshan Institute of Iron and Steel Technology in Anshan City, Liaoning Province (196569)1. Lis wife, Cheng Hong, is currently a professor of English language and literature at Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing. Vice Premier of the State Council (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for United Front Work (2015present), Head of the State Council Leading Group of Deepening Medical and Health System Reform (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macao Affairs (2016present), Full member of the CCP Central Committee (2007present). Chinese society has changed profoundly since the Mao era. discussion of "seven subversive currents," including universal values, constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. He was later appointed deputy party secretary and head of the Luwan District in Shanghai (199295) and was eventually promoted to deputy secretary-general (chief of staff) of the Shanghai municipal government, in addition to director of the City Planning Commission and director of the Securities Management Office (199597). Lis mother-in-law, Liu Yiqing, was a journalist at the Xinhua News Agency. Most notably, the NPC approved a constitutional change abolishing term limits for Chinas president Xi Jinping. Liu served as deputy director of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work, where he was responsible for overseeing macro-economic policy-planning and drafting speeches for CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao to deliver at annual CCP national conferences on economic affairs (200311). Just what is the bottom line for reform? Mr. Hu said on a Web site run by his family to commemorate his father, Hu Yaobang, a leader of political and economic relaxation in the 1980s. Xi was in charge of preparations for both the2008 Summer Olympicsin Beijing and the 2009celebrations commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the PRC. See more. He also served as deputy head of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo Organizing Committee and head of the Executive Committee (200411). The consequent rifts are unusually open, and they could widen and bog down Mr. Xi, said Xiao Gongqin, a professor of history at Shanghai Normal University who is also a prominent proponent of gradual, party-guided reform. Some political elites may stand up for their belief in the institutionalized norms of the Deng era. Over the course of his first term, Xi has proven himself to be Chinas strongest leader since Deng Xiaoping. 9, the number given to it by the central party office that issued it in April. Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2016), p. 268. Liu was subsequently promoted to director of the State Information Center (19982001). Convection is different from conduction, which is a transfer of heat between . He was a sent-down youth at an agricultural commune in Fengyang County, Anhui (197476)1. Li Keqiang and Cheng Hong have one daughter, who received her undergraduate degree from Peking University and later studied in the United States, according to some unverified sources. In the fall of 2013, Xi introduced Liu He to the U.S. national security advisor at the time, Tom Donilon, who was visiting Beijing. One could reasonably make the point that Xi has prevented Hu Chunhua from rising to the pinnacle of power. He became a member of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee while continuing to work as deputy secretary-general (199798). Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized. Hu joined the CCP in 1983. 9, said Professor Xiao, the historian. Constitutionalism belongs only to capitalism, said one commentary in the overseas edition of the Peoples Daily. If Xi aspires to be a truly great and transformative Chinese leader, he must eventually present a clear and coherent vision for the country while also respecting the political rules and norms that have laid the groundwork for Chinas economic and political rise. They have been disillusioned by Xis leadership ever since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of seven subversive currents, including constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. Second, her low-profile personality and her demonstrated tenacity and political acumen, most notable in removing Bo Xilais protgs in Dalian even before Bos downfall, are indicative of her potential for leadership and political nerve. Cognitive Perspective. Before her retirement, Yao worked as an official at the China Native Produce & Animal Import and Export Corporation. A party paper, known as Document No. Hans reputation as a competent, seasoned financial and economic technocrat, as well as his market-friendly policy orientation in cosmopolitan Shanghai, has generally been well received in business communities both in China and abroad. Subsequently, Wang served as general manager of the Agriculture Credit and Investment Company (198889), vice governor of China Construction Bank (198993), vice governor of the Peoples Bank of China (199394), and governor of China Construction Bank (199497). It was during his time in Shanghai that Han met five of his patron-mentors, namely Huang Ju, Wu Bangguo, Zhu Rongji, Zeng Qinghong, and Yu Zhengsheng, all of whom later served as members of the Politburo Standing Committee2. 15, 2324. Liu joined the CCP in December 1976. For the Chinese Communist Party, these founding principles of our European model belong to the "seven subversive currents" and the "Western evils" that need to be suppressed in China. Liu was a founder and convener of the Chinese Economists 50 Forum1. He was first elected to the Central Committee as a full member at the 16th Party Congress in 2002. He and his wife were married in Tibet and have one daughter. Therefore, Chinese public expectations in the lead-up to the 19th Party Congress were that Hu Chunhua would ascend to the 19th Politburo Standing Committee, which presented a serious challenge for Xi. If these four leaders are excluded, 85 percent would be newcomers. [ Read more ] Tags: china western ideas Yet, critics often point to the arrests and harassment of human rights lawyers in China as examples that the rule of law in China has actually regressed under Xis leadership. The citizen-activists demanding that party officials reveal their family wealth cited Mr. Xis own vows to end official corruption and deliver more candid government. Vice president of the Peoples Republic of China (2018present). Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized. I dont believe we have a clear consensus on the precise mix of policies that are necessary to address this challenge. Upon taking office in 2013, Xi issued a memo urging party officials to eradicate "seven subversive currents" coursing through Chinese societyincluding "Western constitutional democracy," notions of "universal values" of human rights, and a Western-style free press. Hu has also traveled abroad in recent years, undertaking visits to the United States and Mexico in 2016 and to the United Kingdom, Israel, and Ireland in 2017. His efforts have also included concerted attempts to seek a new model of great power relations with the United States. Rip currents are dangerous, offshore flows of water found at beaches where waves break across a surfzone and these currents responsible for many people getting into trouble while swimming. She joined the CCP in 1973. There is a bipartisan consensus on the fact that China poses a broad challenge to the United States across multiple domains. He then became vice premier of the State Council (200813), a Politburo member (200717), and a Politburo Standing Committee Member (201217). I enjoy her subversive sense of humor. He is very important to me. Quoted from Bob Davis, Meeting Liu He, Xi Jinpings Choice to Fix a Faltering Chinese Economy, Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2013. 2. Wang then worked as party secretary of Hainan Province (200203). For most of the Hu era, Li was seen as a possible successor to his mentor. The loyalty oath was intended to protect students from so-called subversive teachers. Western forces hostile to China and dissidents within the country are still constantly infiltrating the ideological sphere, says Document No. Wangs father was a professor at Tsinghua University who also worked as an engineer at the Design Institute in the Ministry of Construction. Promoting the universal value of human rights. They have been disillusioned by Xi's leadership ever since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of "seven subversive currents," including constitutional democracy . Mr. Xis edicts have been disseminated in a series of compulsory study sessions across the country, like one in the southern province of Hunan that was recounted on a local government Web site. Some have said that constitutionalism and similar ideas were tools of Western subversion that helped topple the former Soviet Union and that a similar threat faces China. This refers to the pattern whereby Deng designated Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin designated Xi Jinping, and Hu Jintao designated Hu Chunhua to be the top leaders of the succeeding generations2. His parents were farmers in a poor and remote village within an ethnic minority autonomous county in Hubei Province. Having served for two decades as a top administrator of Chinas pacesetting city, Shanghai, Han Zheng emerged from the 19th Party Congress as a top economic decision-maker in national leadership. She served as president of the PLA General Political Department Song and Dance Troupe and president of the PLA Art Institute. Li began working in the CCYL Central Committee at the end of 1982, precisely when Hu Jintao became secretary of the CCYL. His father, Li Fengsan, was a county-level cadre in Fengyang County, Anhui3. New Routes ~ Asia-to-Europe Translogistics. She was a visiting scholar at Brown University in the mid-1990s. Li advanced his early career primarily through the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL), serving as secretary of the CCYL Committee at Peking University (198283). Subsequently, Han served as deputy secretary (199091) and secretary (199192) of the CCYL Shanghai Municipal Committee. Hu Chunhua was born in April 1963 in Wufeng County, Hubei Province. The heat transfer function of convection currents drives the earth's ocean currents, atmospheric weather and geology. Convection currents transfer heat from one place to another by mass motion of a fluid such as water, air or molten rock. 15963. Xi was reelected as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC at the 19th Party Congress in October 2017, and then as president of the PRC at the 13th National Peoples Congress in March 2018. Internal warnings show that President Xi Jinping fears that the Communist Party is vulnerable to public anger about corruption and challenges from liberals impatient for political change. At a time when Xi enjoys tremendous individual power, Li can potentially be viewed as a balancing forcethough not an impressive one thus farwithin the political establishment. In 1988, for example, Zhu Rongji, then mayor of Shanghai, visited the citys Dazhonghua Rubber Plant, where Han Zheng was employed. Xi is a princeling; he is the son of Xi Zhongxun, a former Politburo member and vice-premier who was one of the architects of Chinas Special Economic Zones in the early 1980s2. 101 School in the same district. They have been disillusioned by Xi's leadership since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of "seven subversive currents," including universal values, constitutional . Liu Zhiyan was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and he committed suicide in 1967, at the age of 49, by jumping from the Jinjian Hotel in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. It is not clear when Xi and Wang first met. Xi, who is on the cusp of his second presidential term, has seized upon his moment at the pinnacle of accrued political capital to avoid becoming a lame duck and to cement his hold over the country for as long as he desires. Are necessary to address this challenge, which is a transfer of heat between have helped to Hus... 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