He followed this work with two fragmentary dramatic poems, Judas Maccabaeus and Michael Angelo. But his genius was not dramatic, as he had demonstrated earlier in The Spanish Student (1843). Longfellow managed to speak to the conflicts and at the same time to seem a safe haven, an anchor in the storm"("Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" Historic). In 1872 Three Books of Song presented the second part of Tales of a Wayside Inn along with Judas Maccabeus and a group of translations. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825. Longfellow laid the groundwork for other authorial careers by persuading readers of the importance of art as well as by demonstrating how literature could be turned into a paying proposition in a country known for material ambition. The antislavery sentiments he expressed in Poems on Slavery that same year, however, lacked the humanity and power of John Greenleaf Whittiers denunciations on the same theme. [93] Typically, he would carefully consider the subject of his poetic ideas for a long time before deciding on the right metrical form for it. Sweetness, gentleness, simplicity, and a romantic vision shaded by melancholy are the characteristic features of Longfellows poetry. kbookmyer Plus. Born on February 27, 1807 in Portland, Maine, USA , United States. Hiawatha introduces his tribe to agriculture through his encounter with the corn god Mondamin, to transportation by inventing the birch canoe, and to picture-writing. In 1836, Longfellow moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to teach foreign languages at Harvard College. 6 Oct 1779 in New Ipswich, NH, d. 14 Jul 1861 in Boston, Suffolk Co., MA, and Maria Theresa Gold b. That bridge was replaced in 1906 by a new bridge which was later renamed the Longfellow Bridge. [79] The "Dante Club", as it was called, regularly included William Dean Howells, James Russell Lowell, and Charles Eliot Norton, as well as other occasional guests. This harsh critical assessment, which tried to reduce him to the status of a mere hearthside rhymer, was perhaps as unbalanced as the adulation he had received during his lifetime. Other poems had local settingsfor example, The Bridge, which contrasted Longfellows newfound personal peace with the melancholy of his earlier years in a reflection on the bridge over the Charles River near his home. Fanny Kemble performed this poem in dramatic readings, bringing herself and audiences to tears in the memorable emotional crescendo of the last stanza with its invocation to an imperiled country that is nonetheless the best hope for the world: Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! " I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day " is a Christmas carol based on the 1863 poem "Christmas Bells" by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Its appeal to the public was immediate. He toured Europe between 1826 and 1829, and upon returning, went on to become the first professor of modern . He also found himself overburdened with instructional tasksintroducing students to the rudiments of various languages and developing teaching materials he could use in classes to replace rote recitation of grammar with literary conversation and translation. John and Priscilla Alden's love story was popularized by The Courtship of Miles Standish, a narrative poem published by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John and Priscilla Alden's descendant, in 1858. Date November 21, 2019. From holiday poems to quiet spiritual reflections, these poems and articles celebrate the interweaving of Jewish faith, cultural traditions, and literary history. Longfellows metric choice, which captures the beat of a tom-tom, exposed the poem to parody, as did its insistent repetitions and use of Native American words. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Wadsworth-Longfellow, Academy of American Poets - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, National Park Service - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Official Site of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Maine: An Encyclopedia - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poetry Foundation - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). About Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. [86] The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind". Hoffmann, and Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg)that awakened a new sense of poetry as emotional expression. His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage. Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and was enrolled by age six at the private Portland Academy. Henry began his schooling at age three, when he and his older brother, Stephen, enrolled in the first of several private schools in which they prepared for entrance to Bowdoin College. But when Henry was a senior at Bowdoin College at 19, the college established a chair of modern languages. Born Henry WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. The independent-minded Fanny was not interested in marriage, but Longfellow was determined. Longfellows translation, still respected for its linguistic appreciation and literary merit, appeared in an 1865-67 three-volume edition, although he completed the translation in spring 1864. [119] He was such an admired figure in the United States during his life that his 70th birthday in 1877 took on the air of a national holiday, with parades, speeches, and the reading of his poetry. Died on March 24, 1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The poem exalts and exocitizes Native Americans and assumes the obliteration of indigenous ways of life. Chamber Music This page intentionally left blank CHAMBER MUSIC A Listener's Guide JAMES M. KELLER 1 2011 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Despite some criticism of the Virgilian dactylic hexameter meter with which Longfellow experimented in Evangeline, the poem proved enormously successful. To aid him in perfecting the translation and reviewing proofs, he invited friends to meetings every Wednesday starting in 1864. As a memorial to their father, Longfellow's children donated land across Brattle Street and facing the family home to the City of Cambridge, which became Longfellow Park. In late 1839, Longfellow published Hyperion, inspired by his trips abroad[54] and his unsuccessful courtship of Fanny Appleton. Page III CONTENTS. Homesickness, however, prompted him to develop a proposal for a never published new-world sketchbook featuring New England settings and stories, rather than any literary account of European materials; The Wondrous Tale of a Little Man in Gosling Green, which appeared in the November 1, 1834 issue of the New Yorker, exemplified his intent for that projected volume. Ultima Thule (1880), the title of which signaled his expectation that it would be his last collection, featured such lyrics as The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls (1879) and LEnvoi. His father, Stephen Longfellow, was an attorney and a Harvard graduate active in public affairs. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Her husband, who sustained severe burns to his hands, arms, and face in smothering the fire, was left with severe facial sensitivities that precluded shaving thereafter and forced him to grow the patriarchal white beard so familiar from later portraits; he was also left with heavy responsibilities for his family and with intense grief. [76] His facial injuries led him to stop shaving, and he wore a beard from then on which became his trademark. 07 Nov 1786 in Pittsfield, MA, d. 10 Feb 1822. Learn more about narrative poetry here. [1] The song tells of the narrator hearing Christmas bells during the American Civil War, but despairing that "hate is strong and mocks the song of peace on earth, good will to men". Longfellow himself may have recognized that the sections did not cohere and that the historical sequence ended in anticlimax; he thought of adding another drama on the Moravians of Bethlehem to show the positive influence of the Gospel, but he never carried out his intention. Later, he distilled memories of European wanderings (along with material from his college lectures) into Outre-Mer; A Pilgrimage beyond the Sea (1833-4) and the anticipatory Schoolmaster pieces he published between 1831 and 1833 in the New-England Magazine, but not before directing his talents to more practical kinds of writing. In July 1843 he married Frances Appleton; her father presented the couple with Craigie House as his wedding gift. Poems such as Paul Reveres Ride, Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie (1847), and A Psalm of Life were mainstays of primary and secondary school curricula, long remembered by generations of readers who studied them as children. [47] The bulk of Voices of the Night was translations, but he included nine original poems and seven poems that he had written as a teenager. His son was injured during the war, and he wrote the poem "Christmas Bells", later the basis of the carol I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day. In his own time one of Longfellows chief contributions to American literature was the encouragement he offered to aspiring writerswhether those Boston-Cambridge-Concord literati with whom he interacted through his various clubs or those such as Emily Dickinson, who responded gratefully to him from a distance as the champion of poetry in an otherwise prosaic American society, the Pegasus in the pound of Yankee bookstores. [9] His grandfather was a founder of the college[12] and his father was a trustee. [66] His literary income was increasing considerably; in 1840, he had made $219 from his work, but 1850 brought him $1,900. [25] While overseas, he learned French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and German, mostly without formal instruction. Also at age 13 he passed the entrance examinations for Bowdoin College, although his parents chose to have both Henry and Stephen complete their freshman studies at Portland Academy and delay the 20-mile move to Brunswick and the new college until their sophomore year. [85] Longfellow accepted an offer from Joshua Chamberlain to speak at his fiftieth reunion at Bowdoin College, despite his aversion to public speaking; he read the poem "Morituri Salutamus" so quietly that few could hear him. For this work Longfellow drew on European sources, chiefly Hartmann von Aues Der Arme Heinrich (circa 1191). In that university town he met William Cullen Bryant, who had been a major influence on his early poetry and an inspiring model of American authorship. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is born on 27 February in Portland, Maine, the second of eight children of the lawyer Stephen Longfellow and his wife, Zilpah Wadsworth Longfellow. Pegasus in Pound (1846), by contrast, offers a humorous rebuke to the pragmatic, materialistic Yankee culture that confined arts winged steed and handled him as a piece of property. Previous boarders included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester. The book appeared in late October and was in its sixth edition by mid-January. [99] Much of his poetry imparts cultural and moral values, particularly focused on life being more than material pursuits. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a 19th century educationist and poet from America, who penned some of the most memorable poems in the history of American literature. [61] They were soon married; Nathan Appleton bought the Craigie House as a wedding present, and Longfellow lived there for the rest of his life. (L.M.) [59] The New England Anti-Slavery Association, however, was satisfied enough with the collection to reprint it for further distribution. 1. [126], Margaret Fuller judged Longfellow "artificial and imitative" and lacking force. [110] In preparing the volume, Longfellow hired Katherine Sherwood Bonner as an amanuensis. Although she proceeded with her husband and Clara Crowninshield to Rotterdam, Marys health declined over the next weeks and she died on November 29, leaving her widower stricken and disbelieving. The next decade proved one of leave-takings for Longfellow but also of exceptional accomplishment. How many languages did Longfellow speak? His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire. Poems to integrate into your English Language Arts classroom. His original works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. 'I Would I Were a Careless Child' 6. In "Nature", for example, death is depicted as bedtime for a cranky child. The book spread like wildfire in both the United States and the United Kingdom. For later critics, however, the answer to Lowells question has often been a resounding Yes! In the atmosphere of disillusionment attending world warsand especially in Herbert S. Gormans disparaging 1926 biographyLongfellow became an easy scapegoat for everything judged wrong with Puritan, Victorian, Brahmin, genteel, sentimental, and racist evasions of the grim realities of life. Damaetas 4. After falling in love with 17-year-old Frances Appleton, Longfellow returned to Heidelberg to escort Marys friend Clara Crowninshield home to the US. [29], On August 27, 1829, he wrote to the president of Bowdoin that he was turning down the professorship because he considered the $600 salary "disproportionate to the duties required". Again, Longfellow coped with sorrow by plunging himself into literary workthis time of an intensely challenging sort. PAPERS: The chief repository of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's papers and manuscripts is the Houghton Library, Harvard University. [56] After returning, he published the play The Spanish Student in 1842, reflecting his memories from his time in Spain in the 1820s. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In 1835, saddened by the death of his first wife, whom he had married in 1831, he settled at Heidelberg, where he fell under the influence of German Romanticism. [111], Fellow Portland, Maine native John Neal published the first substantial praise of Longfellow's work. In 1836 Longfellow returned to Harvard and settled in the famous Craigie House, which was later given to him as a wedding present when he remarried in 1843. She died shortly after 10 the next morning, July 10, after requesting a cup of coffee. [96], As a very private man, Longfellow did not often add autobiographical elements to his poetry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. To prepare himself for the new opportunity, Longfellow undertook another period of European travelthis time accompanied by his wife and two of her friends. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's response to the reelection of Abraham Lincoln in 1864 is a timely reminder of how, while they all matter, some presidential elections matter much more than others. and cease repining; Behind the cloud is the sun still shining; Thy fate is a common fate of all, Into each life some rain must fall." Longfellow is rightrain comes at different times to all of us. [89] He had been suffering from peritonitis. Born in Portland in 1807, when that bustling port city was still part of Massachusetts, Longfellow came from an old, established family of lawyers, judges, and generals. [133] An editor of the Boston Evening Transcript wrote in 1846, "Whatever the miserable envy of trashy criticism may write against Longfellow, one thing is most certain, no American poet is more read". On the Continent he learned French, Spanish, and Italian but refused to settle down to a regimen of scholarship at any university. [3] His mother was descended from Richard Warren, a passenger on the Mayflower. His travel sketches, Outre-Mer (1835), did not succeed. It comes not back again. He was too restless to take a carriage and walked 90 minutes to meet her at her house. [34], On September 14, 1831, Longfellow married Mary Storer Potter, a childhood friend from Portland. Longfellow himself recognized that most of his poems belonged to the imitative rather than the imaginative school of art that his spokesman Paul Flemming distinguished in Hyperion. Even if time has proved him something less than the master poet he never claimed to be, Longfellow made pioneering contributions to American literary life by exemplifying the possibility of a successful authorial career, by linking American poetry to European traditions beyond England, and by developing a surprisingly wide readership for Romantic poetry. The Warning, written last but drawn in part from his Harvard Phi Beta Kappa poem, concluded this slim volume with the image of a poor, blind Samson in this land capable someday of shaking the pillars of this Commonweal, / Till the vast Temple of our liberties / A shapeless mass of wreck and rubbish lies. The book pleased abolitionist readers such as Longfellows good friend Charles Sumner and the New England Anti-Slavery Tract Society, which Longfellow allowed to reprint and distribute the volume free of royalties; it puzzled other friends such as Hawthorne, however, and called attention to its authors lively interest in public issues that rarely found direct expression in his poetry. [30] During his years teaching at the college, he translated textbooks from French, Italian, and Spanish;[31] his first published book was a translation of the poetry of medieval Spanish poet Jorge Manrique in 1833. He has been criticized for imitating European styles and writing poetry that was too sentimental. When he died of phlebitis less than a month after his 75th birthday and only a few days after completing The Bells of San Blas, Longfellow left an estate worth 356,320 dollars to his children and grandchildren, with weekly book sales amounting to 1,000 copies. [58] A critic for The Dial agreed, calling it "the thinnest of all Mr. Longfellow's thin books; spirited and polished like its forerunners; but the topic would warrant a deeper tone". [35] The couple settled in Brunswick, but the two were not happy there. [100] He often used allegory in his work. The lady says she will not! The famed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow once penned the beautiful words, "Be still, sad heart! Stanzas to a Lady on Leaving England 13. A third trip to Europe followed in 1842, when Longfellow took a brief leave of absence from professorial tasks to travel for his health. Solo or group recordings that are finished and fully available for listeners. Driven by the need for spiritual relief, he translated The Divine Comedy by Dante, producing one of the most notable translations to that time, and wrote six sonnets on Dante that are among his finest poems. Like several other poems, this celebration of familial happiness from the time of a couples wedding until their golden anniversary appeared in a separate illustrated edition before it was collected. The failure of its first publisher kept half the first edition of 1,200 copies from distribution, and the eventual readership of the book, American travelers in Europe, probably discovered Hyperion based on its authors later reputation rather than its inherent merits as prose fiction. Maybe Longfellow exaggerated the heroic story of Paul Revere. [83] In 1874, Samuel Ward helped him sell the poem "The Hanging of the Crane" to the New York Ledger for $3,000; it was the highest price ever paid for a poem. My morning and my evening star of love!" At college he was attracted especially to Sir Walter Scotts romances and Washington Irvings Sketch Book, and his verses appeared in national magazines. "[113], Longfellow's early collections Voices of the Night and Ballads and Other Poems made him instantly popular. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Haiku. [22] His time abroad lasted three years and cost his father $2,604.24,[23] the equivalent of over $67,000 today. Flashcards. We speak of a continuum because there are inter- mediate economies, combining horticultural and agricultural featuresmore intensive than annually shifting horticulture but less intensive than agricul- ture. This was because the East India Company was near bankruptcy, had a huge surplus (17 million pounds) of Chinese tea that was getting old, and many members of Parliament were stockholders in the East India Company. In 1845, he published The Poets and Poetry of Europe, an 800-page compilation of translations made by other writers, including many by his friend and colleague Cornelius Conway Felton. A haiku is a three-line poetic form originating in Japan. [18] He published nearly 40 minor poems between January 1824 and his graduation in 1825. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807 - 1882) was America's most beloved nineteenth-century poet, . Longfellows achievements in fictional and nonfictional prose, in a striking variety of poetic forms and modes, and in translation from many European languages resulted in a remarkably productive and influential literary career. [77] Longfellow was very quiet, reserved, and private; in later years, he was known for being unsocial and avoided leaving home.[144]. Some of Longfellows sonnets and other lyrics are still among the finest in American poetry, and Hiawatha, The Wreck of the Hesperus, Evangeline, and Paul Reveres Ride have become inseparable parts of the American heritage. In 1855, using Henry Rowe Schoolcrafts two books on the Indian tribes of North America as the base and the trochaic metrics of the Finnish epic Kalevala as his medium, he fashioned The Song of Hiawatha (1855). [44] The home was built in 1759 and was the headquarters of George Washington during the Siege of Boston beginning in July 1775. To a Lady 5. He endured the pain for several days with the help of opium before he died surrounded by family on Friday, March 24. Other than being a poet of great repute; Longfellow was also an educationist, who was a professor at his alma mater Bowdoin College and latter at the Harvard College. Need a transcript of this episode? Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on 27 February 1807, the second child of eight born to Zilpah ne Wadsworth (1778-1851) and lawyer Stephen Longfellow (1775-1849) in the city of Portland, Maine. Unenthusiastic about a legal career, Longfellow bargained with his father for a year of postgraduate study in literature and modern languages while he explored possibilities of supporting himself by writing. [107] In honor of his role with translations, Harvard established the Longfellow Institute in 1994, dedicated to literature written in the United States in languages other than English. [50] He became part of the local social scene, creating a group of friends who called themselves the Five of Clubs. Each new book extended his fame, and he was bombarded with invitations for literary contributions and for autographs. For immediate publication, in three months beginning late in 1857 he composed the title poem for The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems (1858). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 - March 24, 1882) was an American poet whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and "Evangeline". if ever fondest prayer' 7. [53] In July 1839, he wrote to a friend: "Victory hangs doubtful. Longfellow's benign poetic temperament owes much to his full and fortunate life. I do not believe that I was born for such a lot. 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