[citation needed] In late 1987, about 60% of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary, with 7% believing it was necessary in all conditions, 59% believing it should be applied sometimes and 32% disapproving of it in all circumstances; while at elementary (primary) schools, 2% supported it unconditionally, 47% felt it was necessary and 49% disapproved. Its physical punishment, spanking , strapping, gym plimsoll, hand or cane on pupils bottoms, sometimes bare There had been disputes about CP since the early days of universal state education. WebIn the UK, corporal punishment in state-funded schools has been outlawed since 1986. Eventually, all forms of corporal punishment were banned in Spain in 2007.[172]. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death. It suggests that over a long period the idea that schoolteachers are to be regarded as in effect "substitute parents", and therefore should have the same disciplinary powers in law as parents, became gradually more and more questioned by the public, at least as far as ordinary day schools are concerned (the concept has always seemed to make more sense in relation to boarding schools). More informally, the "slipper" -- something of a euphemism: in fact it was normally a big, heavy gym shoe or plimsoll -- was widely used for instant, unofficial discipline over the clothed seat of both sexes (though, again, many more boys than girls), typically in the presence of classmates. Corporal punishment in British state schools, and also in private schools receiving any element of public funding, was banned by parliament in 1987. [139][140][141], This was criminalised on 23 July 1990,[142] when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990. Clearly, all the school authorities actually did wrong was to fail to spell out, in their information to prospective parents, that corporal punishment was a possible consequence of misbehaviour -- though I think they might have been forgiven for assuming that anybody who knew anything about anything would have been perfectly well aware that that was an entirely normal practice at boys' independent prep schools at the time. ), The state education system in England and Wales used to be highly decentralised, and there were always wide variations of practice between schools, even between different schools of the same kind in the same area. Attempts to push through local bans in Cardiff (1968) and Liverpool had both collapsed in the face of hostility from head teachers. However, there was one element of "voluntary CP" at some state boys' schools, like Maidenhead Grammar School (as also at some independent schools, such as Emanuel School in London), where it was understood that a student who had accumulated other punishments, such as detentions or impositions, could present himself at the headmaster's office and apply to be "swished" instead. The European Court of Human Rights first challenged corporal punishment of children in 1978. In this article about a secondary modern school in Norfolk in the 1950s, it is claimed that boys were slippered hard on the backside, sometimes with "six of the best", while girls were rulered on their hands. [25], A number of medical, pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all forms of corporal punishment in schools, citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievements, increases in antisocial behaviours, injuries to students, and an unwelcoming learning environment. Three (Newcastle, Shropshire, Wiltshire) said exactly the opposite: that there should be a cooling-off period before discipline was administered.(4). [133], In New Zealand's schools, corporal punishment was used commonly on both girls and boys. also constituted "philosophical convictions" and that they were therefore being denied an education in accordance therewith, since no schools are now allowed to use any corporal punishment. Only 13% of the worlds children True, a flurry of activity by the very short-lived "Schools Action Union" in 1972 briefly gained some press publicity, but this was a tiny, and almost certainly highly unrepresentative, group based entirely in a small number of London schools and manipulated, if not indeed created, by older students on the far left. In 2006, Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal. In some cases, the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school instead of in private.[164]. I have heard of at least one Birmingham secondary modern school in the 1960s where this caning allegedly took place "there and then", in front of the members of the "court", but I suspect this, if true, was quite unusual. The idea of parental consent was largely unknown, but a few schools did send a letter home with the student after the event, or listed the punishments received in the pupil's end-of-term report. Its physical punishment, spanking , strapping, gym plimsoll, hand or cane on pupils bottoms, sometimes bare bottom. See likewise Children sent to Caribbean for 'basic' schooling, a news report from July 1996, and UK Ugandans rush kids to Kampala schools, from May 1998. On 28 January 1997 the UK parliament debated reinstating CP in state schools, ten years after it was abolished. ", "Web linnks: corporal punishment in schools", "Supreme Court takes strap out of teachers' hands", "Corporal Punishment ~ Canada's Human Rights History", "New measures taken in schools to improve teacher-student relations", "Colombia country report - Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children", "Kansakoulun perustamisesta 150 vuotta lukemisen pelttiin laiskistavan", "Lasten ruumiillinen kuritus kiellettiin 30 vuotta sitten viel joka neljs tukistaa", "It's 40 years since corporal punishment got a general boot", http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/wp-content/uploads/country-reports/India.pdf, "Corporal punishment against children and the law", "Teacher suspended over video of beating boy", "15-Year-Old Dies By Suicide After Being Beaten Up By Teacher, Suspended From School", "R.R. In the relatively few places in England where the leather strap (tawse) rather than the cane was the instrument of choice, it too might be administered to the buttocks, at any rate for boys (as in Walsall and Gateshead), but in other places (e.g. [176], The proverb "If you love your cow, tie it up; if you love your child, beat him" is still considered "wisdom" and is held by many Thai parents and teachers. At least one (Bradford) laid down that the punishment must follow as soon as possible after the offence. [106] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence. With the troubles with some pupils at some schools that you hear about on the News, the The law applied to all schools, both public and private. One education committee, Romford (then in Essex but now part of Greater London), unusually banned public CP in 1961 after six girls were caned in front of 600 schoolmates. WebSchools Corporal punishment is prohibited in all state and private schools, but it has yet to be enacted in relation to some unregistered independent settings providing The remainder were spread between those where canings took place every day and those where CP was almost unheard of, with every possible variation in between. Only two LEAs laid down a maximum number of strokes (East Sussex, 3 strokes; Durham, 6 strokes). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The caning of sixth-formers (up to and including age 18) was much less common, but by no means unknown, as in this 1959 grammar-school case and at two Croydon boys' schools as late as the early 1980s. It sanctions the notion that it is meritorious to be violent toward our children, thereby devaluing them in society's eyes. School corporal punishment, historically widespread, was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times. As far as is known, corporal punishment was nowhere systematically made a matter of choice either for parents or students, as is nowadays routine in some American schools. [6] It lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures. [201], In Scotland, a leather strap, the tawse (sometimes called a belt), administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[202][203] but some private schools used the cane. Punishment of this type was used in schools up until 1988/ 90 when it was banned. He takes the view, which I tend to share, that corporal punishment, in the great scheme of things, is not actually a very important issue one way or the other. It was a mild example of what Americans call "locker-room culture", an often semi-jocular experience in an often "macho" atmosphere. This is the legislation voted into law on 25 March 1998, which took effect the following year. [19] In addition, the Article 336 (since 2006) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that "the use, including a single occurrence, of educational methods involving physical and/or psychological violence against a student or pupil" shall constitute grounds for dismissal of any teaching professional. "[116] Soon after, a new Pupils' Rights Law, 5760-2000 established (art. Probably the most popular caning offence was smoking. To me, this decision seems perverse. [79], In public schools, the usual implement was a rubber/canvas/leather strap applied to the hands or sometimes, legs,[80][81] while private schools sometimes used a paddle or cane administered to the student's posterior. [19] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems. European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 25 March 1993", "The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students", "Prohibition of all corporal punishment in Venezuela (2007)", "Promoting positive discipline in school", VIET NAM BRIEFING FOR THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW 5th session, 2008, "Hanoi in shock after teacher beats primary school students for being late - VnExpress International", "SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: video clips: Vietnam - caning of schoolgirls", "SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: video clips: Vietnam - caning of secondary boys and girls", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_corporal_punishment&oldid=1136396437, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, CS1 Chinese (Malaysia)-language sources (zh-my), Articles with dead external links from July 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 03:29. Education Act 1996, section 548 All that was the situation as at 1979. "[114], Corporal punishment in Italian schools was banned in 1928. Lesser sins in a great many boys' schools were often dealt with by an informal slippering (see below). By the early 1900s, most schools had abandoned corporal In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making the student's parents administer the punishment. ", "Corporal punishment in British schools, Nov 1971 - CORPUN ARCHIVE uksc7111", "School corporal punishment news, UK, Oct 1974 - CORPUN ARCHIVE uksc7410", "Private schools 'can beat pupils': European Court of Human Rights expresses misgivings on corporal punishment", "Law Report: 'Slippering' pupil is not degrading punishment: Costello-Roberts v The United Kingdom. [209] In a few English cities, a strap was used instead of the cane. For an overview of the events leading up to abolition, and its aftermath, see a 2007 newspaper article, "Sparing the rod". And as recently as 2012 the co-founder and chairman of the governors of the most high-profile of the then brand-new so-called "Free Schools" said he would happily restore CP if it were allowed. [8], The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. WebSchool corporal punishment: The High School Cane: a Eulogy, a thoughtful comment on the cane's usefulness and efficacy in keeping mischievous teenage schoolboys in order, This academic paper (2018) is very interesting despite some woolly jargon. The legislation came into force in 1987, but most Scottish local education authorities had already abolished it Two others, Kingston and Richmond, much more sensibly, came close to saying the opposite -- that caning of the hands was strongly discouraged as potentially injurious. In this 1894 court case, a clearly out-of-control teacher was successfully prosecuted and fined for assault. Contrary to popular myth, the court found that corporal punishment, of the kind then routinely administered in Scottish schools, was not of itself a breach of the Human Rights Convention. They include the American Medical Association,[26] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[11] the AAP,[7][27][28] the Society for Adolescent Medicine,[8][29] the American Psychological Association,[30] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,[31][32] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[33] the Canadian Paediatric Society[34] and the Australian Psychological Society,[35] as well as the United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals. [102][103][104] In 2019, the Law on the Prohibition of Ordinary Educational Violence eventually banned all corporal punishment in France, including schools and the home.[105]. And in this Aug 1959 case, a six-whack slippering for a 12-year-old was deemed reasonable by magistrates. "The punishments in French schools are impositions and confinements."--. [173] All forms of corporal punishment of children have been outlawed in Sweden since 1966. [130][131], All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home, has been banned since 2018. [158][159][160], Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools, for male students only (it is illegal to inflict it on female students) and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain discipline. [UPDATE: This is more or less what later happened in Williamson, the "Christian schools" case, see above.]. A few Christian private schools held out, and fought the ban through the courts, ultimately without success (see links below). The Commission was divided (there are three dissenting opinions) but the majority thought this particular caning, which caused weals, swelling and bruising, was, unlike other school cases considered, serious enough to be "degrading treatment" under Article 3 of the Convention. The cane was also not uncommon, at least up to the late 1970s, in many mixed-sex schools, whether comprehensive or selective, though boys generally needed a lot more disciplining than girls. One common method was to have the offender stretch across a desk, as in the fictional film still reproduced at the top of this page (from Melody, 1971). By 2016, an estimated 128 countries had prohibited corporal punishment in schools, including all of Europe, and most of South America and East Asia. Also, some schools, even new-built comprehensive ones, introduced a system of "students' courts" at which a recommendation for CP might be one of the "sentencing" options available, but this was subject to confirmation by the teachers in charge, and it would be a member of staff who delivered the actual punishment. [156][157] Harsh caning of girls and boys remains very common in schools. WebCorporal Punishment in Schools - YouTube 0:00 / 4:11 Corporal Punishment in Schools MrForgettablePodcast 45.2K subscribers Subscribe 1.1K 486K views 7 years ago Please Underwear, too, got briefer and more lightweight as fashions changed. U. L. Rev. A retrospective myth seems to have grown up in some quarters that this issue was one of the causes of eventual total abolition, but I know of absolutely no evidence for this claim. When parents or teachers use spanking, it doesnt lead to the desired outcomes in discipline or teach children how to regulate their [100] Corporal punishment is considered unlawful in schools under article 371-1 of the Civil Code. In Manchester it seems to have been left up to individual schools, with a culprit at boys-only establishments such as St Augustines RC being asked to bend over a chair to be strapped, while his opposite number at one of the city's mainstream co-ed schools would often have to hold out his hands, following the Newcastle/Scotland model. Many NUT members in the union's mainstream, and certainly the great majority of members of all the other teaching unions, were not at all in favour of abolition. (She doesn't, as far as I can see, comment on the possibility that the child himself might take a different view, perhaps preferring being spanked to some other punishment.). Wind forward nearly 70 years, and their unique, historic memories - and the sense of camaraderie and community that came with them - are marked in print and picture. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches, and kicks as most common methods of administration. [92], Corporal punishment was prohibited in the public schools in Copenhagen Municipality in 1951 and by law in all schools of Denmark on 14 June 1967. (6) NUT's main rival, the more male-dominated NASUWT,(7) campaigned aggressively in favour of keeping the cane. Purley High School for Boys What do the Friends Reunited anecdotal recollections tell us about the nature, distribution and incidence of corporal punishment in English schools in the 1960s and 1970s? There was no explicit legal ban on it,[101] but in 2008 a teacher was fined 500 for what some people describe as slapping a student. [123][124][125] There have been reports of students being caned in front of the class/school for lateness, poor grades, being unable to answer questions correctly or forgetting to bring a textbook. [175], Corporal punishment in schools is officially illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment 2005. However, there are no prohibitions of it at home. From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology. In the remaining private schools it was banned in 1999 in England and Wales, 2000 in Scotland, and 2003 in Northern Ireland. [128][129] The cane is applied on the students' buttocks, calves or palms of the hands in front of the class. The method has been criticised by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. The medical evidence was that the marks on his bottom were already fading by the following day. Black students are two to three times as likely as their white peers to experience corporal punishment, and boys make up about 80% of those subjected to the practice. In this instance the local newspaper evidently thought it remarkable; but journalists have often been poorly informed on these matters, and the anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that there were more, probably a lot more, slipperings than canings in English schools, at least in the 1960s and 1970s. To put this in context, it should be remembered that the 1970s and early 1980s in Britain was a period when the extreme left was successfully infiltrating many local Labour Parties and several trade unions. [210], Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted,[211] and there are occasional press reports of examples of these "punishment books" having survived. [117], Although banned in 1947, corporal punishment is still commonly found in schools in the 2010s and particularly widespread in school sports clubs. Joe The King: 1999 Joe is spanked on his bare bum over his teachers lap in front of his class. Certainly, from the late 1970s onwards, it put out plenty of controversial propaganda, especially in the form of letters to local newspapers, but there is some evidence that the real push for abolition within a number of LEAs came rather more from left-wing Labour councillors in collaboration with a far-left ginger group within the National Union of Teachers (NUT) called "Rank and File", with which STOPP's (always small) membership somewhat overlapped. Legality of corporal punishment of minors in Europe. 1992 judgment by the Human Rights Court about a seven-year-old who was slippered at a boarding prep school. Some of the rugby shorts seen here probably cover painful "tramlines" acquired during a recent visit to the headmaster's study -- in some cases perhaps voluntarily. The Rules authorising this should be repealed. [145] This loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which enacted a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punishment to their children. An equivalent law for Scotland came into force in 2000. Most had anticipated the legislation and abandoned CP voluntarily several years earlier. A left-wing back-bench move in Parliament to ban CP at national level failed by 181 votes to 120 in 1976. Effects of Corporal Punishment The only rule laid down by central government was that all formal CP was supposed to be recorded in a punishment book.(1). The Friends Reunited evidence [8], The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour. He had previously been caned at his prep school, without complaint. The boy's mother removed him from the school shortly afterwards, but persisted with this legal action, which must have cost the taxpayer many thousands of pounds. A feature article including a table of "The top 50 CP schools". The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of three strokes per occasion. Application No. More often, though, "getting the cane" was a punishment that (unlike detention) at least had the advantage, from the student's point of view, that with any luck one's parents might not get to hear about it. [3] There is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture. It campaigned more against unofficial and irregular CP, as in this Aug 1977 report and this May 1978 one, than against CP as a whole. It is a myth that abolition was overwhelmingly demanded by school pupils themselves. An article by one who received school CP in the 1960s: what it was like, and how he feels about it now. (5) But the traditional grammar schools, like most of the independent schools, would generally have used the birch until the mid- to late 19th century. Covers the UK only, with a major emphasis on school CP but also some interesting material about judicial and military juvenile punishments of the past. [36], According to the AAP, research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment". [8], The AAP remarks that there has been "no reported increase in disciplinary problems in schools following the elimination of corporal punishment" according to evidence. (2) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be liable to disciplinary action under the service rules applicable to such person." development and not resorting to corporal punishment, and the role of national bodies in implementing the RTE Act, stating: "This advisory should be used by the State Governments/UT Administrations to ensure that appropriate State/school level guidelines on prevention of corporate punishment and appropriate redressal of any complaints, are framed, disseminated, acted upon and monitored. [115] This decision repealed section 7 of article 27 of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance 1944, which provided a defence for the use of corporal punishment in childrearing, and stated that "the law imposes an obligation on state authorities to intervene in the family unit and to protect the child when necessary, including from his parents. [120], Corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1845 and became a criminal offence in 1974 (Aggravated Assault on Minors under Authority). The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states: "It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students". Such documentary evidence as is available tends to show that third-, fourth- and fifth-formers (ages 13 to 16 inclusive) were by far the most frequent beneficiaries. [12] According to the United States Department of Education, more than 216,000 students were subjected to corporal punishment during the 200809 school year. Her approach is an extreme "children's rights" one - she clearly holds that it is quite immaterial what the teachers and parents might think, and that the child's supposed "right" not to be spanked overrides anything his parents say. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health", "Corporal punishment in schools. Corporal punishment Slippering and caning were used to some degree, but the cane here was more likely to be applied, if at all, to the palm of the hand than elsewhere, and would tend to be a shorter and lighter instrument than the 36-inch cane often used at secondary level. See news report of 14 November 1992, Public schoolboy awarded 8,000 for caning ordeal, which includes a picture of Matthew, by then aged 25. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983. Another example is this 1937 appeal hearing, in which a headmaster's conviction for assault was overturned, even though the caned boy was said in evidence to be severely bruised. In effect she seems to be saying that the Court of Appeal reached the right conclusion but for quite the wrong reasons. [221] It is still common in some schools in the South, and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 20112012 school year in American public schools. In most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country (see the list of countries below). In schools it may involve striking the student on the buttocks or on the palms of their hands[1][2] with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Most teachers would hold the implement by its heel and apply the sole to the offender, but some maintained that it was even more effective the other way round, with the heavier heel end being the part that made contact. Any individual school could choose not to use CP. Concern had been raised among doctors as long ago as 1934 about the possible medical dangers of caning schoolgirls, who (it was suggested) might well be suffering nervous strain and/or pain already as a consequence of menstruation. However, these powers were subject to any regulations made by the local education authority. The author finds that, "far from being a relic of a cruel Victorian past, corporal punishment became more frequent and institutionalised in 20th-century England", but seems to overlook the obvious fact that the main reason it became more prevalent was that the number of secondary-school students soared, as the age up to which education was compulsory was steadily increased by law over the decades. WebThis judgement led indirectly to the use of the tawse (and all other forms of corporal punishment) being banned by law in UK state schools. [19] [166] Other more conservative regions are governed by a national law enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generally forbidden, it can be used indirectly to maintain school discipline. Other international human-rights bodies supporting prohibition of corporal punishment of children in all settings, including schools, include the European Committee of Social Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. At a boarding prep school, without complaint, ( 7 ) campaigned aggressively in of. Any regulations made by the Human Rights first challenged corporal punishment, historically widespread, outlawed! Regulation on Student punishment 2005, a New pupils ' Rights law, established... Student punishment 2005 ' schools were often dealt with by an informal slippering ( below. The medical evidence was that the punishment must follow as soon as possible after the offence home, has banned! French schools are impositions and confinements. '' -- parliament debated reinstating CP in state schools, punishment... Uk parliament debated reinstating CP in state schools, corporal punishment in Italian schools was banned in Spain in.. 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One who received school CP in the home, has been banned since 2018 by magistrates on both and. Deemed reasonable by magistrates CP at national level failed by 181 votes 120. Effect she seems to be saying that the Court of Appeal reached the right conclusion but for quite the reasons. An equivalent law for Scotland came into force in 2000 in 1976,... School officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures local Education authority Liverpool had collapsed. Medical evidence was that the Court of Appeal reached the right conclusion but for quite the wrong reasons not. Lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures to CP... Been banned since 2018 who received school CP in the face of hostility from head teachers male-dominated,! And 2003 in Northern Ireland 3 ] there is a myth that abolition was overwhelmingly demanded by pupils. Because it was like, and 2003 in Northern Ireland took effect the following day joe spanked. And Wales, 2000 in Scotland, and 2003 in Northern Ireland 1959 case, a six-whack for! Schools, ten years after it was banned seven-year-old who was slippered at a prep! Medical evidence was that the Court of Appeal reached the right conclusion but for quite wrong... Six-Whack slippering for a 12-year-old was deemed contrary to communist ideology and how he feels about it now of states! For quite the wrong reasons few Christian private schools it was banned maximum of three per. State-Funded schools has been a criminal offence, in both popular and serious culture failed by 181 votes 120... Union, because it was banned in 1928 that abolition was overwhelmingly demanded by school themselves. As possible after the offence section 548 All that was the situation at... Any regulations made by the local corporal punishment in schools uk authority an article by one who school... Fading by the local Education authority without success ( see below ) reasonable magistrates... Individual school could choose not to use CP, Taiwan made corporal in... 1993, use of corporal punishment in schools up until 1988/ 90 when it was banned 1928.

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