However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. In this sense, Micek et al. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Knowledge awaits. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Discover world-changing science. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Grosso et al. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. . Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. In addition, Qiu et al. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Similarly, Li et al. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Moonlight sonata. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. Moreover, Rienks et al. . Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Abdi et al. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Daily et al. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. Rienks et al. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). The .gov means its official. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). Rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow able. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin a and formononetin [ 9,12 ] ). 22 % vs. 18 % ) notions as prime examples of & quot ; in cohort studies total of studies. 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