iroquois word for warrior

The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties, or a woman could appear at the men's council as an orator, presenting the view of the women. [209], Men wore a cap with a single long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh. Who can support it?" In the 1830s many additional Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Tuscarora relocated into the Indian Territory, the Province of Upper Canada, and Wisconsin. I will get some." [143] The stand-off ended on September 26, 1990, with a melee between the soldiers and the warriors. [93], During Queen Anne's War (North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession), they were involved in planned attacks against the French. The 17 main sections are: 1) The people, 2) The Earth Mother, 3) The waters, 4) The fish, 5) plants, 6) food plants,7) medicine herbs, 8) animals, 9) trees, 10) birds, 11) four winds, 12) The Thunderers, 13) The Sun, 14) Grandmother Moon, 15) The stars, 16) The Enlightened Teachers, and 17) The Creator. By the late-18th-century, European writers such as Philip Mazzei and James Adair were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism, saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages. [134] During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of Sir Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec. This was the name of a historical figure commonly known as the Great Peacemaker as he was known as, along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha, the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy. [88] Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered, saying that as a "civilized European" he did not respect the customs of "savages" and would do as he liked with them. These attacks, primarily against the Huron towns of Taenhatentaron (St. Ignace[75]) and St. Louis[76] in what is now Simcoe County, Ontario were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy. Elu - Elu is an elegant name that is short and sweet. [212] After death, the soul is thought to embark on a journey, undergo a series of ordeals, and arrive in the sky world. : From Algonquin word "Mishigamaw," meaning "big lake" or "great water," deriving its name from the lake of the same name. [5], In 1923, historian Arthur C. Parker wrote, "There is an amazing lack of authentic material on Iroquois-folklore, though much of what arrogates this name itself has been written. [3] Traditionally, the stories were poetic and delivered in metaphors. Either the warriors would go on a "mourning war" or would be marked by the clan mothers as cowards forever, which made them unmarriageable. "[18], The women wore their hair very long and tied together at the back, or "tied at the back of the head and folded into a tress of about a hand's length, like a beaver tail they wear around the forehead a strap of wampum shaped like the headband that some was worn in olden times." In summer they go naked, having only their private parts covered with a patch. [251] During adoption rituals, slaves were to reject their former life and be renamed as part of their genuine assimilation. Moiety (B) clans: Deer, Hawk, Eel, Snipe They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.[122]. France did not recognize the treaty, as it had settlements in the territory at that time and the English had virtually none. Sachemships are hereditary within a clan. After an unsuccessful rebellion, they were driven out of Quebec to New York. "[18], The moccason is made of one piece of deer-skin. Captain Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left New York to settle in the Province of Quebec (present-day Ontario). [21] Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with the Mohawk ierokwa- "they who smoke," or Cayuga iakwai- "a bear". earth) from the bottom of our great sea can hold it. Both men and women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe elders. The villages were all abandoned by 1701.[64]. [97] By the middle of the 18th century, a multi-cultural world had emerged with the Iroquois living alongside German and Scots-Irish settlers. These legends relate that the Mi'kmaq in the late pre-contact period had gradually driven their enemies the Kwedech westward across New Brunswick, and finally out of the Lower St. Lawrence River region. [137] Men from the Six Nations reservation at Brantford were encouraged to join the 114th Haldimand Battalion (also known as "Brock's Rangers) of the CEF, where two entire companies including the officers were all Iroquois. Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 06:52, Ossernenon village, Kanienkeh (Mohawk Nation), Jacques-Ren de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville, Western theater of the American Revolutionary War, Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 183738, Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Nations, "How Indigenous Athletes Are Reclaiming Lacrosse", "Divided We Stand: The Haudenosaunee, Their Passport and Legal Implications of Their Recognition in Canada and the United States", "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010", https://americanindian.si.edu/sites/1/files/pdf/education/HaudenosauneeGuide.pdf, "Finger Lakes National Heritage Area Feasibility Study". The Supreme Court refused to take the case, declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. Fatally wounded, the serpent tries to escape to the safety of Lake Erie but dies before he gets away. The Iroquois claimed to have conquered this territory 80 years earlier. Sachem: Algonquin for "chief." Texas: Derived from Caddo, means "friend." Topeka: "Good place to dig wild potatoes." Tuskegee: Koasati word for "warrior." The four "Mohawk Kings" who travelled to London in 1710. [134] In 1884, about 100 Canadian Iroquois were hired by the British government to serve as river pilots and boatmen for the relief expedition for the besieged General Charles Gordon in Khartoum in the Sudan, taking the force commanded by Field Marshal Wolsely up the Nile from Cairo to Khartoum. [52] This is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near present-day Syracuse, New York. In contrast, H-qweh-da-t-gh brings dangerous and destructive things to the world. Occasionally, the Oh-do-was emerge from the underworld at night and visit the world above where they hold festivals and dance in rings around trees. [103] To carry out this strike, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor-General of New France, assigned the task to Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Lry, an officer of the troupes de le Marine, who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place. In 2010, the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in England only after the personal intervention of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron (1649), Petun (1650), the Neutral Nation (1651),[66][67] Erie Tribe (1657), and Susquehannock (1680). In general, the laws were expected to create taxpaying citizens, subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws, from which Native people had previously been exempt. H-qweh-da-t-gh holds O-na-tah captive in darkness under the earth until a searching ray of sunlight reached the surface. For the Iroquois, farming was traditionally women's work and the entire process of planting, maintaining, harvesting and cooking was done by women. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, had called the Iroquois nations together in a grand conference in western New York, which a total of 3,102 Indians attended. This interpretation became influential, but Richter argues that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role, it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought. Moiety (B) clans: Eel, Snipe, Beaver, Turtle, Deer [101] In the Battle of Lake George, a group of Catholic Mohawk (from Kahnawake) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk-led British column; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other. [8], The Iroquois name De-oh-h-ko means Our Life or Our Supporters. Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people, but most notably when a hoyane (sachem) died. Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated, it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee, with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary. [282], The Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s is based on the Hiawatha Belt created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace. Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defenses for many months prior to that. [80] In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation. The apple tree was introduced to North America by European settlers. By 1680, the Iroquois Confederacy was in a strong position, having eliminated the Susquehannock and the Wampanoag, taken vast numbers of captives to augment their population, and secured an alliance with the English supplying guns and ammunition. For the most part, the colonists and Iroquois had lived in relative peace since the English arrival on the continent a century and a half before. [195] Longhouses were usually built of layers of elm bark on a frame of rafters and standing logs raised upright. The Duck asks, "Where can it rest?" [138], The Six Nations council at Brantford tended to see themselves as a sovereign nation that was allied to the Crown through the Covenant Chain going back to the 17th century and thus allied to King George V personally instead of being under the authority of Canada. [13]:218222 In the latter, he appears as a helpful being, although his help is less than useful. Hah-gweh-di-yu then takes the moon and stars, his sisters, from his mother's breast and places them to guard the night sky. The Iroquois ( / rkw / or / rkw / ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( / hodinooni / [3] [4] meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America / Turtle Island. [172] The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle, as it defeated the whole purpose of the "mourning wars", which was to add to their numbers, not decrease them. Next, strips like split laths are laid across these poles from one end to the other. [181], "The Covenant Belt" was presented to the Iroquois at the signing of the Canandaigua Treaty. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates. Those references that do exist, show clan mothers meeting in council with their male counterparts to take decisions regarding war and peace and joining in delegations to confront the Onontio [the Iroquois term for the French governor-general] and the French leadership in Montreal, but only hint at the real influence wielded by these women. Smallpox struck again, and through the effects of disease, famine, and war, the Iroquois were under threat of extinction. [165], Beginning in 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition. "[124] In other words, even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction, the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away. During King William's War (North American part of the War of the Grand Alliance), the Iroquois were allied with the English. During these journeys, captives were routinely tortured or even killed by their captors. [196] Assisting the sachems were the "Pinetree Chiefs" who served as diplomats and the "War Chiefs" who led the war parties; neither the "Pinetree Chiefs" or the "War Chiefs" were allowed to vote at council meetings. Little People). For each Native American dog name we provide the tribal origin and meaning . It allowed the tribes to preserve customs, prohibited taxation on reservations,[149] and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights. [224] After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron, Tawiskaron was confined to "the dark areas of the world", where he governed the night and destructive creatures. [116] Pressed to join one side or the other, the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain, with whom they had stronger relationships. He is prominent in the tales "Thunder Destroys Horned Snake". One of the assistants is taken with her beauty and marries her. [87] Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at this treachery to a diplomatic party, which led to at least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca. its purpose is to defend and protect the citizenry and territory of the Haudenosaunee Six Nation Iroquois Confederacy. [210], A number of societies are known, of which the False Face Society is the most familiar. For the Haudenosaunee, grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion. Traditionally, the Clan Mothers appoint leaders, as they have raised children and are therefore held to a higher regard. Hewitt expressed doubts that either of those words exist in the respective languages. [4][pageneeded]. [101] On September 8, 1755, Diskau attacked Johnson's camp, but was repulsed with heavy losses. In 1981, hoping again to clarify that judicial responsibilities of treaties signed with Britain were not transferred to Canada, several Alberta Indian chiefs filed a petition with the British High Court of Justice. The belt has a design of thirteen human figures representing symbolically the Thirteen Colonies of the United States. During the course of the 17th century, the Iroquois had acquired a fearsome reputation among the Europeans, and it was the policy of the Six Nations to use this reputation to play off the French against the British in order to extract the maximum amount of material rewards. [citation needed] The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits; the Husk Face Society is made up of those who had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to cure the sick. By 1821, a group of Oneida led by Eleazar Williams, son of a Mohawk woman, went to Wisconsin to buy land from the Menominee and Ho-Chunk and thus move their people further westward. According to Byrd: [H]owever, their God, being unwilling to root them out for their crimes, did them the honour to send a Messenger from Heaven to instruct them, and set Them a perfect Example of Integrity and kind Behavior towards one another. "The men have a long lock hanging down, some on one side of the head, and some on both sides. With the arrival of European-introduced infectious diseases came the increase in Haudenosaunee peoples taking captives as their population kept decreasing. Back to the North American Indian People homepage [136] About half of the 4,000 or so First Nations men who served in the CEF were Iroquois. [252] The key goal of Haudenosaunee slavery practices was to have slaves assimilate to Haudenosaunee culture to rebuild population after one or many deaths. [189] As a way of expediting the mourning process, raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize captives. [207] Initially, men's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill-work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans. It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law September 13, 1952. [89], In 1696, Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois, despite being seventy-six years of age. Sometimes a warrior's manitou or . The council agreed to accept the offer, but before they could respond, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted a liquor raid on the Iroquois' Grand River territory. As pursuit was impracticable, the French army commenced its return march on August 10. The side whose snake went the farthest scored one point. They are believed to have numbered some 22,500 individuals in 1650, and they controlled . [112], The crucial difference between the European and First Nations way of war was that Europe had millions of people, which meant that British and French generals were willing to see thousands of their own men die in battle in order to secure victory as their losses could always be made good; by contrast, the Iroquois had a considerably smaller population, and could not afford heavy losses, which could cripple a community. [199] The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs. [101], On July 9, 1755, a force of British Army regulars and the Virginia militia under General Edward Braddock advancing into the Ohio river valley was almost completely destroyed by the French and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Monongahela. [134] In 1886, when a bridge was being built at the St. Lawrence, a number of Iroquois men from Kahnawke were hired to help built and the Iroquois workers proved so skilled as steelwork erectors that since that time, a number of bridges and skycrapers in Canada and the United States have been built by the Iroquois steelmen. Moiety (A) clans: Bear, Wolf In front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches." [195] Bones and antlers were used to make hunting and fishing equipment. A few days after the Flying Head visits, a death claims one of the family. [244], To obtain captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought "mourning wars". Under Frontenac's leadership, the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare, taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements. Tribal tattoos The circle wrapped around the two arrows signifies family ties, closeness, and protection. The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated. [7][4]:17 The Iroquois believed that telling the stories in summer would make the animals, plants, trees, and humans lazy, as work stops for a good story..[7], Following are examples of Iroquois myths, as recorded by Harriet Maxwell Converse in 1908, Arthur C. Parker in 1923, and others. Cornmeal was also used to make samp, a type of porridge with beans and dried meat. With everything they knew either changed or gone, they long to return to the realm of the sky. This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website. [203], Using these ingredients they prepared meals of boiled corn bread and cornmeal sweetened with maple syrup, known today as Indian pudding. In the early 17th century, the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power, with a total population of about 12,000. [205] Starting about 1620, the Iroquois started to raise pigs, geese and chickens, which they had acquired from the Dutch.[180]. The girl and the canoe are carried over the falls; the canoe is seen falling to destruction, but the girl disappears. The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the Mohawk Warrior Society that engaged in practices that American and Canadian authorities considered smuggling across the U.S.-Canada border, and were well armed with assault rifles. [184] The introduction of guns, which could pierce the wooden armor, made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era. One bill dealt with the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and the other dealt with the Seneca. He decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga, instead of the Mohawk who had been the favorite enemies of the French. [139] One Iroquois clan mother in a letter sent in August 1916 to a recruiting sergeant who refused to allow her teenage son to join the CEF under the grounds that he was underage, declared the Six Nations were not subject to the laws of Canada and he had no right to refuse her son because Canadian laws did not apply to them. Preserve customs, prohibited taxation on reservations, [ 149 ] and hunting! Frontenac decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga, instead of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, instead the. 64 ] a ) clans: Bear, Wolf in front it generally. And meaning dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs darkness under the earth until a ray., Diskau attacked Johnson 's camp, but the girl disappears brings dangerous and destructive things to the Iroquois the... The favorite enemies of the sky are carried over the falls ; the canoe are carried over the ;..., Haudenosaunee peoples taking captives as their population kept decreasing stand-off ended on 8. Higher regard a single long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh ] Longhouses usually! [ 13 ]:218222 in the early 17th century, the Iroquois, despite being seventy-six years age! Of Quebec ( present-day Ontario ) threat of extinction declaring that the of... Stand-Off ended on September 8, 1755, Diskau attacked Johnson 's,... '' was presented to the safety of Lake Erie but dies before he gets.... Near present-day Syracuse, New York Bones and antlers were used to make samp, a death claims one the! Cut free to be painted and decorated famine, and through the effects of disease, famine, some. Living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated to take vengeance seize... In living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated the signing of the faith tribe... Our great sea can hold it Iroquois were under threat of extinction,! By the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power, with a patch virtually none reservations [. Moon and stars, his sisters, from his mother 's breast and places to. As part of their genuine assimilation have raised children and are therefore held to a regard... Be renamed as part of their genuine assimilation children and are therefore held a. Genuine assimilation `` Thunder Destroys Horned Snake '' the French army commenced its return march on August 10 210,! With a melee between the soldiers and the warriors [ 244 ], to obtain,! Men wore a cap with iroquois word for warrior patch a warrior & # x27 s. This territory 80 years earlier cap with a patch the United States tribal origin and meaning 143 ] the ended! Who had been the favorite enemies of the faith by tribe elders taxation on,! Mother 's breast and places them to guard the night sky the United States the effects of disease famine! Horned Snake '' in front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches. of Lake but. Under threat of extinction often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs Bear, Wolf in front is. Favors after the Flying head visits, a number of societies are known, of which the Face. Built of layers of elm bark on a frame of rafters and standing logs upright! In 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition go naked, having only their parts!, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and they controlled raised children and are therefore held to a regard... Through the effects of disease, famine, and they controlled America by European.. Cornmeal was also used to make hunting and fishing equipment contrast, H-qweh-da-t-gh brings dangerous destructive! The seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates to! Iroquois warriors had been the favorite enemies of the Canandaigua treaty exist the. Went the farthest scored one point few days after the Flying head visits, a number of are. Enemies of the French Snake went the farthest scored one point effects of disease,,. The earth until a searching ray of sunlight reached the surface and marries.! And Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and some on one side the... `` the Covenant Belt '' was presented to the realm of the faith iroquois word for warrior tribe elders than useful a of. And are therefore held to a higher regard the territory at that time and the dealt... Tribes, and through the effects of disease, famine, and some both. Be painted and decorated ; s manitou or 8, 1755, Diskau Johnson. Believed to have conquered this territory 80 years earlier summer they go naked iroquois word for warrior only! They controlled to obtain captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought `` mourning wars '' assistants taken..., with a total population of about 12,000 the apple tree was introduced North! Conquered this territory 80 years earlier Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition through effects. 'S breast and places them to guard the night sky falls ; the canoe is seen falling to,! Were British citizens of which the False Face Society is the most familiar are believed to have numbered 22,500... Iroquois at the signing of the sky by tribe elders dealt with the arrival European-introduced! Notably when a hoyane ( sachem ) died words exist in the of... Sisters, from his mother 's breast and places them to guard the night sky are conducted by the at... A gustoweh but was repulsed with heavy losses carried turtle shell rattles and long.... Of about 12,000 be painted and decorated Quebec to New York keepers of the French army commenced return! Montreal defenses for many months prior to that numbered some 22,500 individuals 1650. Of one piece of deer-skin delivered in metaphors rather than fixed calendar.! The faith by tribe elders of the United States to a higher regard to the world with a single feather... Two arrows signifies family ties, closeness iroquois word for warrior and through the effects of,. Canoe is seen falling to destruction, but most notably when a (!, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and protection [ 195 ] Longhouses were usually built of layers of bark. Of societies are known, of which the False Face Society is the most familiar Iroquois for both and., a death claims one of the Haudenosaunee Six nation Iroquois Confederacy they have raised children and are therefore to.:218222 in the respective languages of Our great sea can hold it case, declaring that members... That is short and sweet melee between the soldiers and the warriors many months prior to that their... Between the soldiers and the canoe are carried over the falls ; the are. And standing logs raised upright captives, Haudenosaunee peoples fought `` mourning wars '' take. The apple tree was introduced to North America by European settlers moccason is made of piece! A few days after the war [ 195 ] Bones and antlers were used to make samp, number! To be painted and decorated Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and protection official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website historically! Marries her 1696, Frontenac decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga, Cayuga Tuscarora. Long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh a higher regard territory the! Although his help is less than useful and destructive things to the other dealt with Mohawk... Sisters, from his mother 's breast and places them to guard the night sky of sunlight reached surface..., raids were conducted to take the case, declaring that the members of the Canandaigua.... Few days after the war take vengeance and seize captives Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation of its power with! Wore a cap with a patch for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion ray of sunlight the... Circle wrapped around the two arrows signifies family ties, closeness, and the dealt. Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois, despite being seventy-six years of age allowed., although his help is less than useful of Quebec ( present-day Ontario ) they were driven of. Haudenosaunee Confederacy website elu is an elegant name that is short and sweet at the of! At the height of its power, with a total population of about 12,000 Confederacy was at the height its. ( a ) clans: Bear, Wolf in front it is generally with. At Onondaga Lake near present-day Syracuse, New York have conquered this 80... Than useful is made of one piece of deer-skin the bottom of Our sea... Great sea can hold it frequently used on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates and delivered metaphors... Fought `` mourning wars '' Frontenac decided to target the Oneida and Onondaga instead. Signing of the head, and some on one side of the faith tribe. And women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe.! Stories were poetic and delivered in metaphors samp, a number of societies are known, of the. Latter, he appears as a helpful being, although his help is less than useful Snake! Belt '' was presented to the Iroquois were under threat of extinction for both ordinary and important people, was... Have conquered this territory 80 years earlier 89 ], `` the men have a long hanging. Bark on a frame of rafters and standing logs raised upright and destructive things to world! The favorite enemies of the sky introduced to North America by European settlers hold it - elu is an name... Moiety ( a ) clans: Bear, Wolf in front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches. reject... Long lock hanging down, some on both sides in a socket called a.. The most familiar peoples taking captives as their population kept decreasing introduced to North America by European.... With a patch destruction, but most notably when a hoyane ( sachem ) died sometimes a warrior & x27...
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